How does SOFA affect criminal jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel in Japan?

The Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) establishes the framework for legal jurisdiction over U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan. Under SOFA, the United States retains exclusive jurisdiction over its military personnel for certain offenses, primarily those that are considered military-related or those committed while on duty. This arrangement reflects a balance between the host nation's sovereignty and the operational needs of the U.S. military.

For offenses that are purely civilian in nature and that take place off-base, Japanese authorities generally have jurisdiction. However, SOFA clearly defines that for certain categories of cases, such as those directly involving military duties, the U.S. has the authority to prosecute and handle these situations within its military justice system. This nuanced approach prevents complete overlaps of jurisdiction and allows for legal processes that are tailored to the specific context of military operations in Japan.

The other options do not accurately represent the jurisdictional structure established by SOFA. Japanese courts do not have exclusive jurisdiction, as jurisdiction is shared based on the nature of the offense. Similarly, jurisdiction does not fall strictly under international law, nor does SOFA eliminate jurisdictional issues; rather, it clarifies which situations involve which legal authority.