In what scenarios can foreign military personnel receive immunity outside of SOFA?

The correct answer identifies that foreign military personnel may receive immunity for actions directly connected to their military duties. This principle is rooted in international law as well as the agreements established under the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). Immunity is typically granted to military forces in order to allow them to perform their functions without interference from the host nation’s legal system, recognizing the need for military personnel to execute their duties effectively and in line with their mission objectives.

When actions are connected to military duties, they are often considered necessary for the operational conduct of defense activities, thus justifying this immunity. This includes actions taken during training, engagement in military operations, and other official responsibilities.

Other options do not accurately reflect the conditions for immunity. For instance, personal matters unrelated to their duties would not qualify for immunity under the agreement, as such actions would fall under the purview of the host nation's laws. Similarly, immunity does not extend to all actions taken on Japanese soil or to cases involving injury to civilians unless those actions are inherently related to the performance of military duties.